Final Examination - Required - Units 1-5 Cumulative

Introduction to Philosophy                  Final Exam-16    Prof. Howarth  

 NO AI OR TRANSLATE/THESAURUS/OTHER APPS ALLOWED

All answers must be in well-formed sentences and well-formed arguments, so plan your answers wisely. Support your conclusions; don’t try to be succinct or ‘efficient’. Have more than a topic, have a thesis – your conclusion, that is supported with evincing premises. All answers should be based on the class’ assigned readings, class discussions and your own solid thinking. Show your thinking, not your memory or look-up skills. If you must use a quote, it must be limited and include proper citation. Applying assigned terms appropriately from the Philosophy Toolkit add credence to your responses. The goal here is to demonstrate your mastery of the course material and methods. Your responses should make cases, not statements. Answer a total of 6 questions, Pledge.

Provide answers for two (2) of the following (15 points each, total of 30 points):

1. How might Aquinas employ an Aristotelian ergon/function argument against social contract thought?
2. What is the basis for the difference between Peirce’s and James’ pragmatic theories?
3. Explain Descartes method for arriving at certainty as being stronger or weaker than Russell’s methods:
4. What are the ethical implications of Sartre’s theories that “existence precedes essence” and about Bad Faith?
5. Relate Russell’s logical atomism to Heidegger’s Dasein:
6. How does one Latinx philosopher’s thought contrast with one western philosopher’s thought?
7. Compare Kierkegaard’s concept of ‘authenticity’ with Buddhism’s anatta:
8. Detail how Kant’s theory of noumena is more compatible with either Plato’s or Moore’s thought:
9. Explicate daode and lunli, then relate them to natural law:
10. How do philosophies keyed to The Other, like in The Second Sex, prioritize understandings?

Provide an answer to two of the following (15 points each, total of 30 points):

11. Compare Berkeley’s esse est percipi to Nietzsche’s ‘will to power:'

12. Relate correspondence theories of truth to Wittgenstein’s family resemblance theory of truth, as it pertains to Gettier

Problems:

13. Critically contrast Dubois’ and Kant’s theories of human nature, as applied to the Tragedy of the Commons argument:

14. Examine Hegel’s and Hindu understandings of history and time:

15. Argue for whether or not Aristotle would/could include Baier’s ideas about excellence in vulnerability in his theory of

virtue:

16. What are key strengths and weaknesses of the Kalam argument?

17. What is a crucial crisis stemming from modernity regarding the autonomy of reason or impartiality?

18. Critically relate a central part of Africana ubuntu philosophy to two western philosophers:

19. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of Anselm’s ontological philosophical proof for the existence of god in terms

of Wittgenstein’s early thought:

20. How does De Beauvoir’s and Nussbaum’s thought lend support for care-based ethics:

Provide a reasoned argument or arguments for two of the following on the topic of (20 points each; subtotal 40 points):

21. … whether the dogged pursuit of objective truths about the world/nature/universe is the best, or at least an essential, means to achieve a telos that is worthy of humanity (you assert & defend which telos), with regard to our

understanding of the studied difference between faith and belief, or the Bias Paradox.

22. … whether the phenomenologists’ stance on intentionality, that we can only ever be conscious of something, but

never simply be conscious (with no object of consciousness), is defensible

23. … whether one should or should not find Nietzsche’s or Alain Locke’s thought on the role of aesthetics in human life

more convincing:

24. … whether or not Clifford’s position that ‘it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon

insufficient evidence’ is good advice when confronted by ‘false universalism’:

25. … whether or not the incompatibility of responsibility and determinism relates to substance theories of identity.

26....How might the Buddhist rejection of a fixed self challenge Western assumptions about stable gender or sexual identities?

27...Compare the African concept of Ubuntu with Aristotle’s view that humans are social or “political” animals. What shared insight about human flourishing do they reveal?

28...How does the Indian Nyāya school’s approach to reasoning resemble Aristotle’s theory of logic, and what does this suggest about the global development of rational thought?

29....Explain one important similarity and an important difference between Confucian role-ethics and Aristotle’s virtue ethics. How does this similarity challenge the idea that moral philosophy is uniquely Western?

30....How does the Chinese philosophical emphasis on harmony differ from the Western tradition that treats debate and argument as the primary path to truth?

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